Burma Ruby Gemstone Vivid Pigeon Blood in Heart Shape Necklace

Rare Burma Ruby Gemstone

Burma Ruby Pigeon Blood Heart Shape Halo Pear Diamond Pendant
Burma Ruby Pigeon Blood Necklace

The Timeless Beauty of Burma Ruby

When it comes to rubies, the treasures from Myanmar (formerly Burma) have long been considered the pinnacle of beauty and rarity. Known for their exceptional fluorescence, intense saturation, and vivid red hue. Burma ruby are the ultimate representation of fine rare gemstones. Over the decades, these rubies have remained the most sought-after, coveted by coloured gem jewellers and collectors worldwide.

Burma Ruby: A Legacy of Excellence

Rare Burma ruby owe their mesmerising allure to their unique geological origin. These gems exhibit strong fluorescence under UV light, enhancing their vibrant red colour. This distinct feature, coupled with their exceptional lustre, makes them stand out from rubies mined elsewhere. We occasionally come across a small quantity of ruby rough from other mines that exhibits fluorescence, but such instances are exceedingly rare.

Historically, Myanmar has been the prime source of the world’s finest rubies. The term “Pigeon Blood” is often used to describe their vivid red hue, which is unmatched by rubies from other regions. Unlike African rubies, particularly those from Mozambique, which sometimes exhibit a purplish undertone. Burma ruby possess a purer and deeper red due to their low iron content. This chemical composition not only defines their colour but also adds to their rarity.

Mozambique Ruby: A Strong Competitor

In recent years, Mozambique has emerged as the leading supplier of rubies, offering stones of impressive size and quality. While these ruby dominate the market due to their larger production, they lack the distinctive fluorescence however exhibit a comparable vivid red saturation in Burma ruby. Mozambique’s mines have also made star rubies more accessible, providing gemstone enthusiasts with a broader range of shapes and sizes at relatively affordable prices.

However, the prices of Mozambique ruby have skyrocketed in recent years since covid due to increasing awareness and strong global demand for vivid red gemstones. Further solidifying their position as a significant player in the ruby gemstone market.

Despite this, the supply of fine-quality Burma ruby rough continues to dwindle, driving up demand and prices. International brands compete fiercely for the few available rough stones, making high-quality Burmese ruby increasingly scarce in today’s market.

Factors to Consider Beyond Origin

While the origin of a ruby plays a significant role in its value, it’s essential to consider other factors when selecting a fine gemstone:

  • Colour: Look for a rich, vivid hue Burma red ruby with no brown or overly dark undertones. Most lower quality are in pinkish shade.
  • Carat Weight: Larger stones are rarer and significantly more valuable.
  • Clarity: Fine rubies with minimal inclusions are exceedingly rare, though some inclusions are acceptable and even characteristic of natural stones. Common to see highly opaque clarity which lack transparency and lustre.
  • Cut: A well-cut ruby maximizes its brilliance and enhances its overall beauty.
  • Treatment: Ensure transparency about any enhancements, such as heat treatments. Untreated rubies fetch much higher premium.
  • Certification: Always request documentation from renowned gemological labs like GIA or GRS to confirm the gem’s authenticity and quality.

Why Burmese Ruby Outshine Diamonds

It’s a common misconception that diamonds are the ultimate standard of luxury and value. Especially with lab grown diamond prices and demand for diamond has significant drop. In reality, a fine-quality Burma ruby can command a higher price per carat than many diamonds. Their unparalleled rarity and striking beauty make them a symbol of opulence and exclusivity.

Crafting Unique Jewellery with Burma Ruby

If you’re considering a coloured gemstone for a bespoke or customised piece, such as a gemstone engagement ring or an everyday statement jewellery. A Burma ruby bespoke jewellery is a magnificent choice. At GIOIA Fine Jewellery, we believe that every piece should be as unique as the person wearing it. Each ruby is carefully selected and designed to complement your individual style, ensuring a timeless creation that tells your story.


The strong desire to own a Burma ruby lies not just in their rarity but in their extraordinary beauty and history. Even Burma blue sapphire with royal blue shade is exceptionally rare to come by. With supply dwindling and demand soaring, the perfect time to invest in these exceptional gemstones is now.

Whether you’re drawn to their vivid Pigeon Blood hue or their symbolic value, a Burma ruby is a timeless treasure worth cherishing.

However, do note that you do not solely purchase the gemstone purely on its origin. There are many factors in play to qualify for a fine quality Burma ruby or sapphire. With our meticulous selection of fine-quality rubies, we are well-equipped to provide you with diverse and in-depth insights into ruby gemstones, ensuring you make an informed and confident choice. For more insights and inspiration, explore our latest ruby jewellery at GIOIA. Let us help you craft a masterpiece that’s truly one-of-a-kind.

Custom Ring Design with Musical Note Quaver Inspiration Diamond Ring

Custom Ring

A Custom Ring Experience

A custom ring goes beyond a story, a reflection of personality, and a symbol of unique milestones. Imagine wearing something that no one else in the world has. A truly designed ring crafted just for you, with every detail telling a part of your journey. Whether it’s an engagement, anniversary, or personal milestone, custom ring offer the ultimate opportunity for self-expression.

At GIOIA Fine Jewellery, we believe that every client has a story worth telling, and the jewelry you wear should tell that story beautifully. Let’s take a closer look at what makes custom ring in GIOIA such an extraordinary experience.

Some stories are told through words while others are expressed through music. This custom ring, inspired by a musical note quaver, symbolises the harmonious love of a couple whose lives are intertwined through their shared passion for music.

Your Vision, Crafted into Reality


Have you ever browsed through jewelry stores, feeling like none of the rings truly speak to you? Or rather designs are too common and lacking creativity. That’s where a custom ring with personalised touch shines. It offers complete creative control, allowing you to translate your ideas, personality, and emotions into a wearable masterpiece. From choosing your desired gemstone to designing intricate details inspired by your life, a custom ring is an extension of who you are.

At GIOIA, we take time to listen, explore your ideas, and sketch out the possibilities. Whether you’re drawn to classic elegance or bold, modern designs, we ensure that your custom design ring represents you in every facet.

The Music-Inspired Paraiba Tourmaline Ring

Some stories are told through words; others are expressed through music. This custom ring, inspired by a musical note quaver, symbolises the harmonious love of a couple whose lives are intertwined through their shared passion for music. Featuring a vibrant Brazil Paraiba Tourmaline, this proposal ring captures the striking neon-blue hues that evoke the energy and rhythm of a lively melody.

The design doesn’t stop there, the pavé diamonds along the band replicate the appearance of musical scripts, as if each stone represents a note in the couple’s love song. This exceptional ring not only carries a rare gemstone but also tells a story that is as vivid and moving as the music it was inspired by.

At GIOIA Fine Jewellery, we celebrate the uniqueness of each couple by creating pieces like this that is truly one-of-a-kind. Ensuring that your most cherished moments are captured forever in precious metal and precious gemstone.

The Craftsmanship Behind Every Piece


The journey from idea to creation is an art form. Crafting a custom designed ring isn’t just about picking a gemstone and setting. It’s a collaborative process that includes consultations, 3D modelling, wax prototypes, and, finally, meticulous handcrafting by our master craftsman. At GIOIA, we pride ourselves on merging cutting-edge technology with high-skilled craftsmanship to create custom made rings that stand the test of time, both in quality and emotional value.

Every step, from selecting the metal to shaping the final design, is done with precision and care. It’s about turning your vision into a tangible piece of art. And best of all, no two rings will ever be the same.

Budgeting for a Custom Ring: A Flexible Experience


One of the biggest myths surrounding custom jewelry is that it’s unaffordable. The truth is, creating a custom ring can often be more budget-friendly than you think. At GIOIA, we tailor the process to fit your financial needs while ensuring you get the highest quality and design possible. Customization means flexibility—not just in design but in materials, gemstones, and even the overall cost. Want a unique, breathtaking piece without breaking the bank? We make that happen.

Custom rings allow you to maximise your budget, creating a unique jewellery that is one-of-a-kind. Whether you’re selecting alternative gemstones like sapphires to tourmaline, there’s room for creativity at every price point.

Custom Ring Design with Mountain Inspiration Sapphire Diamond Ring in Champagne gold
Mountain Inspiration Sapphire Diamond Custom Ring

Sapphire Ring with Mountains, Faith, and Forever

Next, we unveil a custom ring that carries with it the profound love story of a couple with a shared passion for mountain climbing and a deep faith in God. At the heart of this design is an unheated blue sapphire—a rare and precious stone that, much like their love, is natural and untouched. The cluster of marquise diamonds flanking the center stone represents the jagged beauty of mountain peaks. Symbolizing the adventurous spirit and challenges the couple has conquered together.

Viewed from the side, the ring reveals a subtle cross, beautifully crafted into the design to reflect their unwavering faith. It’s a hidden detail, but one that holds deep meaning for the wearer—a reminder of their shared beliefs and the foundation of their relationship.

This custom made engagement ring exemplifies how a personalized design can capture not just the aesthetics but the core of a couple’s journey, with every detail holding sentimental value. We ensures that each custom ring is a reflection of the wearer’s most intimate experiences and memories.

Holy Cross Inspiration Sapphire Diamond Custom Ring - Unique Personalised Engagement Ring
Christian Inspiration Sapphire Diamond Custom Ring

Beyond the Diamond: Unique Gemstone Choices


While diamonds are timeless, custom rings give you the freedom to explore beyond tradition. Have you ever thought of incorporating a neonish Brazil Paraiba Tourmaline, or unique colour change sapphire into your design? At GIOIA, we offer a wide array of exquisite gemstones that allow you to express your individuality. From birthstones to gemstones that hold personal significance, the options are endless when creating a piece that’s truly your own.

Moreover, we work closely with reputable gemologists to ensure every stone is ethically sourced, adding yet another layer of meaning to your custom birthstone ring.

Emotional Value Meets Timeless Design


A custom ring is often tied to life’s most significant moments—an engagement, a wedding, a personal achievement. What makes it so special isn’t just its design but the emotions woven into every element. Each stone placement, metal choice, and design detail is imbued with memories, making your ring a personal heirloom for future generations.

We at GIOIA take pride in creating pieces that are not just beautiful but deeply meaningful. Renowned as one of the best fine jewellers in Singapore, we are committed to crafting timeless jewellery pieces that celebrate your unique journey. Our clients often tell us that wearing their custom ring feels like carrying a piece of their heart wherever they go.

Mountain & Holy Cross Inspiration Sapphire Diamond Custom Ring - Blue Sapphire Engagement Ring in Singapore
Champagne Gold Custom Ring Sapphire

A Custom Ring for a Lifetime


There’s nothing quite like the moment when you first see your completed custom ring. The design that began as an idea in your mind is now a stunning reality, and it’s yours exclusively. This is what makes the custom ring process so magical and personalised, the transformation of thought and emotion into something tangible and enduring.

And the journey doesn’t end here. A custom ring from GIOIA is built to last, a piece you’ll wear for decades to come, and maybe even pass down to future generations. Crafted with care and precision, it becomes more than just a custom ring; it becomes a legacy.


If you’ve ever dreamed of owning a piece of jewelry that truly reflects who you are, a custom ring is the perfect opportunity. It’s a collaboration between your imagination and our expertise, resulting in a one-of-a-kind piece that’s as unique as you. At GIOIA Fine Jewellery, we’re here to bring your vision to life. Ready to start designing?

Teal Sapphire custom ring design with couple initials - Unique gemstone engagement ring
Teal Sapphire Custom Ring with Initial
Unique Custom Ring Wedding Proposal
Eye Colour Gemstone in Teal sapphire Proposal Ring Personalised Proposal Ring with matching eyes colour

Eye Colour Gemstone

Perfect Matching Gemstone for Your Eyes

When you’re looking for a gemstone that resembles the colour of your eyes, you’re like choosing an exclusive gemstone with deeply personal statement. The journey of finding the right “eye colour gemstone” is one filled with meaning, emotion, and sentimentality. Imagine wearing a piece of jewellery that mirrors the captivating beauty of your partner’s eyes—whether they’re a mesmerising blue, a lush green, or a stormy grey.

Matching Eye Colours with Gemstones: A Personal Touch

Jewellery often carries stories, and when it reflects something as intimate as the colour of your partner’s eyes, it becomes more than just a beautiful piece. It becomes a symbol of connection. So, how do you choose the right eye colour gemstone to represent the colour of those stunning eyes you love so much?

  1. For Blue Eyes Colour: If your loved one has blue eyes, you’ll want a gemstone that can mirror that tranquil, serene hue. Sapphire is the obvious choice for many, but not just any sapphire. Look for sapphires that come in lighter blue shades or even slightly greyish-blue hues, evoking the soft, dreamlike tones of clear skies or ocean waters. Spinel, particularly in its blue varieties, can also capture the depth and intensity of blue eyes.
  2. For Green Eyes Colour: Green eyes are rare and carry an enigmatic beauty, and the gemstone that represents them should be just as unique. Sapphires that come in green shades are stunning, but emeralds truly capture that lush, verdant allure. If you’re searching for a more subtle, earthy green, a teal sapphire may just be the perfect match. The gemstone should embody the vitality and mysterious charm that green eyes radiate.
  3. For Grey Eyes Colour: Grey eyes are often misunderstood—they’re subtle, complex, and ever-changing depending on the light. A greyish-blue sapphire or a bluish-green tourmaline, like the one featured in this unique ring, captures that transient, mystical feel. Spinel, with its ability to display moody, grey tones, can also evoke the mesmerising gaze of grey eyes.
Eye Colour Gemstone Teal Sapphire Bluish Green with personalised design gemstone engagement ring
Eye Colour Gemstone Teal Sapphire Bluish Green

The Elegance of Round-Cut Gemstones

When it comes to coloured gemstones, the round shape is not the most common choice, but it’s certainly a timeless one. Often seen in colourless diamonds, a round cut on a coloured gemstone brings out a brilliant play of light and depth, much like the sparkle in your partner’s eyes. The round brilliance cut reflects light from every angle, enhancing the stone’s beauty while maintaining its symmetry.

This stunning proposal ring, featuring a round-cut teal sapphire, captures the essence of eyes that shift between shades of blue and green. Every glance reveals a new depth, just like how your partner’s eyes can tell a thousand stories with a simple look. The addition of a delicate orange mandarin garnet adds a spark of warmth—just as your partner brings light into your life. Another deeper meaning of this gemstone is their anniversary month which is a January birthstone. The pear-shaped diamonds set along side of the sapphire are a delicate nod to the intricate and precious nature of love, representing how beauty lies in the details.

Creating a Personal Connection Through Jewellery

Choosing a gemstone which resemble the colour of your partner’s eyes is a combination of aesthetics and creating an emotional connection. Every time you glance at the ring, you’re reminded of them. The brilliance of the round-cut sapphire reflects the sparkle in their eyes, and the rich colours mirror their unique beauty.

And when it comes to gifting such a meaningful piece, it’s not just about presenting a beautiful gemstone. It’s about saying, “I see you. I see the way your eyes light up when you’re happy, how they darken with thought, and how they glimmer with love.”

So, if you’re looking for the perfect eye colour gemstone, consider not only the hue but also the meaning and emotion behind it. From sapphires to tourmalines, and spinels to emeralds, there’s a gemstone out there that captures the essence of your partner’s eyes. Whether their eyes are the shade of an ocean, a forest, or a cloudy sky, the perfect gemstone awaits. And as always, a round shape gemstone, though unconventional for coloured stones, adds a classic, elegant touch—one that truly resonates when paired with love.

A Piece for Every Love Story

This personalised custom ring, set with a ocean bluish green Paraiba Tourmaline and delicate diamonds, is a celebration of love, individuality, and beauty. A unique wedding ring tribute to the beauty of the person who wears it, the eyes that captivated you, and the love story that binds you together.

Whether you’re on the search for a coloured gemstone that matches blue, green, or grey eyes, remember that the right piece will always speak to the heart. And that’s what makes bespoke jewellery more than just your typical retail jewellery experience. It’s a keepsake, a moment frozen in time, and a symbol of love that lasts forever.

Ready to Find Your Eye Colour Gemstone?

Browse through our jewellery collection at GIOIA Fine jewellery and find the best eye colour gemstone that resonates with your love. After all, true beauty lies in the eye of the beholder—and now, in the stone that symbolises them.

 

Teal Sapphire Personalised Proposal Ring
Eye Colour Gemstone, unique natural gemstone colour that resemblance human's eye. Custom jewellery in Singapore
Eye Colour Gemstone
Customised electric blue or mint green Paraiba Tourmaline Proposal Ring - custom made to different classic yet stylish pieces of wedding jewellery | Local Singapore Jeweller in customised jewellery with paraiba tourmaline coloured gemstone

Customised Paraiba Proposal Ring

Customised Paraiba Proposal Ring - electric blue or mint green Paraiba Tourmaline Proposal Ring  - custom made to different classic yet stylish pieces of wedding jewellery | Local Singapore Jeweller in customised jewellery with paraiba tourmaline coloured gemstone
Customised Paraiba Proposal Ring

Paraiba Tourmaline Proposal Ring

This exquisite customised Paraiba proposal ring, a creation of love from a gentleman to his lady, exudes elegance and charm. The proposal ring’s central feature, a Paraiba Tourmaline, is encircled by a halo of sparkling white diamonds, rendering the design absolutely mesmerising. Representing, a symbol of enthralling beauty, ensures a charismatic presence for any occasion.

In an era where lab-grown diamonds are increasingly common, having a customised Paraiba proposal ring featuring a unique gemstone is a brilliant choice. Coloured gemstones offer rich histories, vibrant colours, and unique characteristics that make each ring truly one-of-a-kind. By selecting a gemstone that resonates with your love story and crafting a design from sketch that reflects your partner’s personality. You create a custom proposal ring that is not just an engagement ring but a cherished heirloom.

Choosing a gemstone over a diamond is a wise decision, symbolising the rarity and individuality of your relationship in a way that a commoditised diamond simply cannot. It’s not just a piece of jewellery, but a style statement fine jewelry for a lifetime. Creating an alluring look, with its unique “Y” shaped bands adorned with brilliance diamonds.

Paraiba Tourmaline: A Gem of Electric Neon Beauty

The heart of this customised Paraiba proposal ring, the Paraiba Tourmaline, is an exceptional gemstone currently taking the market by storm. Known for its electric blue or mint green hues, this gemstone’s electrifying charm has made it a coveted choice in the realm of fine jewelry. The secret to its captivating neon shine and exquisite colours lies in its composition. Copper, the key element, imparts the mesmerising green, turquoise, and blue tones, while manganese enhances its fine hues.

At GIOIA Fine Jewellery, we understand the allure of the Paraiba Tourmaline. Its bright and vivid natural shade allows for endless customisation possibilities, making each piece a unique testament to your taste.

Whether you seek a classic design or a contemporary twist, the Paraiba Tourmaline offers an unmatched vibrancy. For those yearning to possess a truly unique gemstone, the Paraiba Tourmaline is an impeccable choice. Customisation allowing for the creation of classic yet stylish jewellery pieces that resonate with your individual style.

Customised electric blue or mint green Paraiba Tourmaline Proposal Ring  - custom made to different classic yet stylish pieces of wedding jewellery | Local Singapore Jeweller in customised jewellery with paraiba tourmaline coloured gemstone
Paraiba Proposal Ring

Understanding Your Vision: Our Bespoke Process

At the core of our service is a deep understanding and appreciation of your individual style and requirements. We begin by engaging in a thorough consultation, where our designers listen attentively to your preferences. Starting from whether you lean towards contemporary, classic, or avant-garde styles. This allows us to suggest designs that not only reflect your personal aesthetic. But also enhance the natural beauty of the Paraiba Tourmaline.

Designing Your Dream Proposal Ring

Once we have a clear understanding of your style and preferences. Our designers instantly sketch out ring design options that are as unique as your love story. Whether you prefer a more minimalist setting to let the Paraiba Tourmaline shine or a more elaborate design with diamond accents. Or handcrafted intricate metalwork, our team is skilled in bringing these visions to life.

In conclusion, at GIOIA Fine Jewellery, your preferences are our priority. We are dedicated to creating a customised Paraiba proposal ring that not only meets but exceeds your expectations. At the same time ensuring a piece that is as unique and remarkable as the person who wears it.

Customised Paraiba Proposal Ring with side pear diamond in champagne gold custom proposal ring
Customised Paraiba Proposal Ring with side Pear Diamond
Paraiba Tourmaline Engagement Ring
Gemstone Engagement Ring Paraiba Tourmaline with Stackable Wedding Bands unique proposal ring

Gemstone Engagement Ring

Coloured Gemstone Engagement Ring

A Fusion of Personalisation & Style by GIOIA Fine Jewellery

In Singapore, gemstone engagement ring customised with unique coloured birthstone redefine tradition. At GIOIA Fine Jewellery, we’re embracing this shift from the classic solitaire to rings that resonate with personal stories. Our clients increasingly seek bespoke, non-traditional engagement ring, and the cluster gemstone design stands out as a favoured choice. These gemstone rings, customised to symbolise love and commitment, are personalised narratives crafted in exquisite detail. At the same time offering a blend of individuality, meaning, and exceptional style.

Customised Gemstone Engagement Ring Featuring a vivid blue sapphire gem with cluster blue spinel and marquise shaped diamond design. Exceptional Sapphire engagement ring customised unique design.
Sapphire Gemstone Engagement Ring

Can a Gemstone Ring Be Engagement Ring?

Explore the World of Coloured Gemstones

Why Choose a Gemstone Engagement Ring?
Moving beyond the classic diamond, gemstone rings bring a splash of colour and personal significance to your engagement. Birthstones, in particular, are a profound choice, infusing your ring with layers of meaning and a connection to your personal story.

The Traditional vs The Contemporary Cut
While round-cut diamonds have long been celebrated for their universal appeal, rare precious gemstones often retain a shape closer to their natural form. This unique trait underlines the individuality of each stone. However, in the realm of semi-precious stones like topaz, amethyst, and citrine, exceptional cutting techniques enhance both the appearance and value.

Selecting a Ring That Suits Your Lifestyle
Your engagement ring should resonate with your personal style and daily life. Softer gemstones, such as opal, turquoise, and pearl, require extra care due to their vulnerability to scratches and damage. Conversely, more durable stones like sapphires and rubies withstand daily wear, making them popular choices for gemstone engagement ring.

Understanding Gemstone Certification
A crucial aspect when selecting a gemstone is understanding its certification. This report not only confirms the gem’s authenticity but also reveals any treatments it may have undergone. For some gemstones, you can even trace their geographical origins, adding another layer of intrigue to your choice. Whether it is an international certification or local, an independent gemologist certification is as important than in-house one.

Unique Gemstone Engagement Ring lifetime proposal with customised Purple Spinel Aquamarine Cluster Engagement Ring
Purple Spinel Aquamarine Cluster Gemstone Engagement Ring

Embracing the Elegance of Cluster Gemstone Engagement Rings

Budget-Friendly Yet Luxurious
Cluster gemstone engagement ring offer a cost-effective yet stunning alternative to traditional solitaire rings. These designs incorporate multiple smaller gems, delivering a visually striking impact without the steep price tag of a large central stone.

A Symbol of Unity
The essence of a cluster gemstone ring – a harmonious assembly of various stones – beautifully symbolises the union of two souls. Personalising these rings with the birthstones of both partners weaves an intimate narrative into the ring’s design.

Diverse Designs for Every Taste
The versatility of cluster gemstone engagement ring is unmatched. Whether you’re drawn to the romanticism of floral motifs, the sleekness of modern geometric patterns, or the timeless charm of vintage Art Deco styles. These engagement rings cater to an array of preferences, that certainly making them as unique as your love story.

From Engagement to Everyday: The Versatility of Cluster Designs

Beyond engagement rings, gemstone designs are also perfect for wedding bands or everyday wear jewellery. Their adaptability means they can be styled for any occasion, offering a chic and stylish way to wear meaningful gemstones daily.

Unique Natural Flora Wedding Band Singapore customised engagement ring with gemstone
Unique Gemstone Floral Wedding Bands

Creating Your Personalised Gemstone Engagement Ring

Are you intrigued by the idea of a gemstone engagement ring but unsure how to start creating your own? At GIOIA Fine Jewellery, the process of designing your dream gemstone engagement ring for a lifetime proposal is straightforward, enjoyable, and incredibly rewarding.

Schedule Your Personal Consultation

The first step in crafting your unique gemstone engagement ring is to schedule an appointment with us. This personal consultation is where your vision begins to take shape. Here, you have the opportunity to share your preferences, from your favourite colours and gemstones to specific design inspirations.

Share Your Ideas and Inspirations

During your consultation, we invite you to share your ideas, whether it’s a particular colour theme, a cherished birthstone, or a unique design concept. Our experienced designers are skilled at translating your thoughts and preferences into tangible design elements, ensuring that your ring reflects your personal story and style.

Guidance from Expert Designers

Our team of designers will guide you through each step of the design process. They’ll help you select the perfect gemstones, choose the ideal setting, and decide on the overall style of your engagement ring. Whether you have a clear vision or are looking for guidance, our designers are there to assist you in making informed decisions.

A Memorable and Fun Experience

Design a gemstone engagement ring with GIOIA is more than just a consultation; it’s an experience. We strive to make the process as memorable and enjoyable as possible. From seeing your ideas come to life to the final reveal of your proposal ring, we ensure that each moment is filled with excitement and anticipation.

Your Dream Ring Comes to Life

Once the design is finalised, our skilled artisans begin the meticulous process of crafting your ring. We take great care in ensuring that every detail is perfected, from the precise placement of each gemstone to the final polish. The result is a stunning, one-of-a-kind engagement ring that not only symbolises your love but also reflects your individuality and taste.

Begin Your Journey with GIOIA

Embarking on the journey of creating a customised gemstone engagement ring with GIOIA is a step towards owning a piece of engagement jewellery that is truly yours in every sense. Personalised ring reflection of your unique love story, crafted with care and passion. Contact us today to schedule your appointment and start the exciting journey of creating your personalised cluster engagement ring.

Gemstone Engagement Ring with padparadscha sapphire designed with twisted diamond ring in champagne gold
Padparadscha Sapphire Gemstone Engagement Ring
Gemstone Engagement Ring with Paraiba Tourmaline Gem
Traditional Chinese Dragon personalised pendant jewellery

Personalised Pendant

personalised pendant jewellery Traditional Chinese Dragon with blue spinel gemstone birthstone jewellery in singapore.
Personalised Pendant – Dragon with Birthstone

Personalised Pendant Dragon

Majestic Dragon: A Symbol of Legacy

Within the realm of personalised pendant, a unique embodiment of cultural symbolism emerges – traditional dragon. Handcrafted from sketch with meticulous attention to detail. This legendary creature symbolises wisdom, auspicious powers, and strength. Its embodiment of the Chinese zodiac’s dragon sign amplifies its significance. Those born under this sign are believed to possess confidence, influence, resolution, and exceptional capabilities.

Craftsmanship Beyond Compare

This Dragon pendant is a testament to the artistry and dedication of highly-skilled craftsmen. The intricate dragon motif, brought to life with unparalleled precision. Designed to cradle a personalised birthstone spinel. This meticulous fusion of art and emotion results in a fine jewelry that is not merely worn but cherished for generations.

Birthstones: An Embodiment of Identity

Imagine a pendant that not only captures your distinct style but also celebrates your birth month. Personalised birthstone pendants combine elegance with personal significance. From the radiant sapphire of September to the captivating emerald of May, each gemstone tells a story. The choice of champagne gold shade adds another layer of personalisation. Preference of gold ensure this pendant jewellery resonates harmoniously with your taste.

Personalised Pendant Champagne Gold Designed with Spinel birthstone jewellery
Personalised Pendant Champagne Gold

Personalised Jewellery

In a world saturated with mass-produced gifts and accessories, finding something that truly encapsulates the depth of emotion behind the gesture can be a challenging endeavour. Enter the world of personalised jewellery! A realm where sentimentality meets exquisite craftsmanship, resulting in a timeless personalised pendant jewellery that celebrates the profound moments of life.

A Touch of Intimacy to Cherished Occasions

A personalised pendant isn’t just a piece of jewellery; it’s a canvas for emotions, memories, and the beauty of individuality. When seeking a gift that resonates beyond the ordinary, a custom pendant adds that personal touch. Whether it’s an anniversary, a birthday, or any remarkable milestone, these pendants carry the power to make the moment unforgettable.

Crafted to Reflect Your Unique Essence

At the heart of every personalised pendant lies the essence of self-expression. The ability to customise your pendant according to your preferences and style is a luxury that redefines luxury itself. With a spectrum of designs ranging from intricate to minimalist and selection of precious gemstones. You can curate a statement jewellery that speaks volumes about who you are or the person you’re gifting it to.

Custom made a personalised pendant with diamond in 18k gold with necklace chain - with coloured gemstones or round diamonds and pearls | local Singapore custom made jeweller
Personalised Name Pendant Necklace

Personalised pendant, custom set in 18k(750) rose gold and attached link chain. Handcrafted in a symbol of both love and number “36”, with brilliant round diamond.

Timeless and memorable Pendant Jewellery

Whether it’s a gift to commemorate a cherished memory or an emblem of your own journey. These pendants are a reminder that true luxury lies in the story a piece holds. Elevate your moments, adorn your essence, and embrace the allure of personalisation with a personalised pendant that encapsulates the magic of life itself.

Personalised Birthstone Pendant showcases a beautiful blend of symbolism and artistry, making it a truly unique piece of fine jewellery. At the heart of this pendant lies a striking aquamarine, the birthstone for March, symbolising the birth month of the wearer’s daughter. Known for its serene blue hue, aquamarine represents calm, clarity, and protection, making it a meaningful gemstone to carry close to the heart.

The design gracefully integrates feminine curves and delicate flourishes, adding a touch of elegance and sophistication. What makes this pendant truly special is the subtle inclusion of a dragon wing motif, which is not just an artistic flourish but a thoughtful nod to the Dragon zodiac sign. This element subtly echoes strength and resilience, qualities associated with the Dragon. At the same time harmoniously blending with the pendant’s overall soft and graceful aesthetic.

Crafted with precision and care, this piece is a deeply personal symbol of love, identity, and the special bond between mother and child.

 

Personalised Pendant Jewellery with Zodiac and birthstone
Birthstone Jewellery with Dragon Inspired Pendant

FAQ – Custom Pendant Jewellery

How are these custom pendants crafted? Each custom pendant is handcrafted from initial sketches and brought to life through meticulous craftsmanship. At GIOIA Fine Jewellery, we ensure that each custom jewelry is unique and of exceptional quality.

Can I choose a birthstone to be included in my pendant? Yes, these pendants can be personalised with a choice of birthstones, such as a spinel or other gemstones representing different months. This addition not only enhances the beauty of the pendant. But also adds a layer of personal significance that represents your birth month or other meaningful occasions.

What materials are used in making the pendant? Personalised pendants can be made from various precious metals, including champagne gold, rose gold, and other preferred choices. The use of high-quality materials ensures durability and a luxurious finish that complements the individuality of the design.

What occasions are best for gifting a custom pendant? Pendants are ideal for commemorating significant occasions such as birthdays, anniversaries, or any milestones that deserve a memorable celebration. They offer a touch of intimacy and thoughtfulness that goes beyond ordinary gifts, making them perfect for expressing profound emotions and memories.

How do I care for and maintain my pendant jewellery? To maintain the beauty and integrity of your pendant jewellery, it is recommended to clean it regularly with a soft cloth and keep it away from harsh chemicals. Storing it in a separate jewellery box will prevent scratches and other wear and tear. We strongly recommend not to wear the pendant to sleep as we might accidentally dangle it.

Vivid Red Ruby Gemstone Ring - Ruby gemstone source directly from Mozambique to Burma, known for its quality and high saturated colour. Singapore Customised Jeweller in heated and unheated ruby gemstone jewellery and ring for wedding jewellery and engagement ring

Vivid Red Ruby Ring

Vivid Red Ruby Ring - Customised Gemstone Engagement Ring with vivid red ruby gemstone. Singapore Custom jeweller in finest quality ruby gemstone
Red Ruby Ring with Halo Diamond

Elegant Ruby Ring with Sparkling Diamonds

Discover the stunning beauty of this vivid red ruby ring, featuring a bright, vivid red ruby at its heart. This masterpiece is encircled by the brilliant shimmer of diamonds, creating a spectacular display of elegance. Crafted on a rose gold band, this ruby ring offers an additional layer of warmth and radiance. The unique setting of diamonds, resembling blooming flowers. Perfectly complements the central red ruby, and also enhancing its vibrant colour and allure.

Ruby Gemstone: A Symbol of Passion

Generally ruby, known for its deep and passionate red hue, is a gemstone that captures attention. Its bold colour is a symbol of love and vitality. Hence making it a popular choice for fine jewelry that makes a statement. The ruby gemstone in this ring is especially captivating, with its rich and saturated vivid red colour. At the same time stands out against the sparkle of diamonds.

Quality is paramount in our selection of rubies at GIOIA Fine Jewellery. We source our ruby gemstones directly from reputable mines in Tanzania, Mozambique and Burma. Importantly, making sure each ruby meets our high standards for colour, clarity, and overall quality. The unique beauty of a ruby gemstone comes from its colour, which can vary from fiery orange-red to a deep purplish red. This variation is due to the amount of chromium present in the stone.

Vivid Red vs. Pigeon Blood Red Ruby

The ruby gemstone featured in this ruby ring boasts a vivid red hue, known for its brightness and strong saturation. Vivid red rubies are treasured for their lively and intense colour, which lights up any piece of jewelry. On the other hand, pigeon blood red rubies are famous for their slightly intense shade. In addition, without purplish or orange undertone that adds depth and intensity to the stone’s appearance. Pigeon blood rubies often have a strong fluorescence, especially in Burma origin. Hence making them glow warmly from within and appear exceptionally bright under any light.

Both vivid red and pigeon blood red rubies are highly valued, but each offers a distinct look. Vivid red rubies are sought after for their pure and strong red colour, making them stand out remarkably.

Pigeon blood rubies are highly prized for their deep colour and vivid saturation. Glowing warmth shade, marking them as prestigious in the gem world. Whether attracted to the vivid red ruby’s bright allure or the deep, enchanting pigeon blood red. Above all, each shade of red adds unique charm to the customised jewellery.

Customised Vivid Red Ruby Ring Design

When combined with the precision-cut diamonds and the elegant rose gold setting, the ruby’s beauty is amplified. Resulting in a vivid red ruby ring that is both luxurious and enchanting. Experience the luxury and charm of this exquisite piece, and let its beauty shine for years to come. This ruby ring promises not only a testament to timeless design, but also a celebration of the unique qualities. Which is also why, that make rubies one of the most coveted coloured gemstones in the world.

Vivid Red Ruby Gemstone Ring - Ruby gemstone source directly from Mozambique to Burma, known for its quality and high saturated colour. Singapore Customised Jeweller in heated and unheated ruby gemstone jewellery and ring for wedding jewellery and engagement ring
Vivid Red Ruby Ring
Customised earring with Padparadscha Sapphire gemstone, orangy pink colour gemstone - Customised Gemstone Jewellery | Local Singapore Designer Jeweller in fine jewelry with Padparadscha Sapphire gemstone

Padparadscha Sapphire Earring

Customised earring with Padparadscha Sapphire gemstone, orangy pink colour gemstone - Customised Gemstone Jewellery | Local Singapore Designer Jeweller in fine jewelry with Padparadscha Sapphire gemstone
Padparadscha Sapphire Earring

Customised Padparadscha Sapphire Earring

Owning a piece of rare beauty is within reach with customised jewellery design piece. Take for example, these unique flora earrings, featuring the exquisite Padparadscha sapphires. These sapphires are a treasure among gem collectors for their stunning colour. Which also reminiscent of the aquatic lotus blossom from which their name is derived. With hues varying from salmon to a blend of orange and pink, these gems offer an even colour distribution. In addition a subtle warmth and extraordinary charm, making this padparadscha sapphire earring a unique creation.

Padparadscha sapphire

Padparadscha sapphires are celebrated for their rare blend of orange and pink, symbolising love and energy. Unlike the more common pink sapphires, which often carry purplish tones, Padparadscha offers a unique and captivating colour mix. These earrings are custom-crafted into a delicate floral design, each petal adorned with round brilliant diamonds. An additional touch of vintage-inspired elegance and distinctive feminine flair.

The beauty of these Padparadscha sapphire earring is enhanced by the setting of 18k rose gold. Hence providing a soft, warm backdrop that makes the sapphires’ colours pop. Surrounding the sapphires are micropavé diamonds that frame each stone, illuminating their natural beauty.

Challenge of Matching Padparadscha Sapphires

Matching a pair of Padparadscha sapphire earring is an extremely rare occurrence. Unlike diamonds, which are colourless and thus easier to match, coloured gemstones present a unique challenge. The rarity of Padparadscha sapphires, combined with their unique orangy-pink hue, adds another layer of complexity. One sapphire might have a more pinkish dominance, while another could lean towards a more orangey shade. This makes finding a perfectly matched pair a daunting yet rewarding task, adding to the uniqueness and allure of customised Padparadscha sapphire jewellery.

At GIOIA Fine Jewellery, we pride ourselves on our wide selection of the finest quality precious gemstones. This allows us to match fine quality Pigeon Blood Ruby gemstones to Royal Blue Sapphire earrings, ensuring a stunning and harmonious pairing. Each gemstone is carefully selected for its exceptional colour, clarity, and cut, providing you with only the best for your bespoke jewellery pieces.

Customised Jewellery

Customising your jewellery means every aspect is considered and bespoke to the gemstones’ unique characteristics. At GIOIA Fine Jewellery, we ensure a perfect match in design and spirit. While perfect symmetry in shape and carat weight might not always be possible with such rare gems. Following detailed planning and design allow for a harmonious and bespoke creation that truly complements the stones’ natural beauty.

Choosing custom-designed jewelry not only means owning a piece of rare beauty sapphire. But also having a hand in creating something uniquely yours. Similar to this padparadscha sapphire earring reflecting your personal taste and style. It’s a way to turn your deepest desires into wearable jewellery art. Customised with each piece telling its own story of love, rarity, and personal journey.

sidianjin blue sapphire earring stud with halo diamond
Blue Sapphire Halo Diamond Earring

FAQ – Customised Padparadscha Sapphire Earrings and Precious Gemstones

What metals are used in setting customised gemstone earrings?

For Padparadscha sapphire earrings, we often use 18k rose gold, which provides a soft, warm backdrop that enhances the colours of the sapphires. Depending on the gemstone colour and shade, we also take into consideration your existing jewellery and usual outfit.

How can I ensure my custom-designed jewellery is truly unique?

Choosing custom-designed jewellery at GIOIA Fine Jewellery means you have a hand in creating something uniquely yours. Each piece is crafted to reflect your personal taste and style, ensuring that your jewellery tells its own story of love, rarity, and personal journey. By selecting the finest gemstones and working with our experienced designers, you can create a piece that is truly one-of-a-kind.

Can I see examples of your custom jewellery designs?

Yes, you can view examples of our custom jewellery designs, including our Padparadscha sapphire earrings, on our website or by visiting our instagram page. Our portfolio showcases the range of unique and bespoke pieces we have created for our clients, reflecting our commitment to quality and craftsmanship.

Alexandrite Colour Change with Green under different lighting. Customised Engagement ring and Wedding Band with unique and rare alexandrite gemstone | Local Singapore bespoke Jewellery in customised wedding jewellery

Alexandrite Colour Change

Alexandrite Colour Change with Green under different lighting. Customised Engagement ring and Wedding Band with unique and rare alexandrite gemstone | Local Singapore bespoke Jewellery in customised wedding jewellery
Alexandrite colour change Engagement Ring

Alexandrite colour change

A vision of vivid colour, this engagement ring with wedding band were custom made for a couple who wanted to source a rare coloured gemstone ring. The vibrant alexandrite gemstone exudes a green to bluish-green colour during daylight and turns red to purplish-red when subjected to incandescent light. This mesmerising gem belongs to Chrysoberyl family. It wouldn’t be wrong to refer to the gemstone combination in this design as “Emerald by day” and “Ruby by day”. This alexandrite colour change represents the love of the couple strong during both day and night.

They have been in the search of a unique alexandrite gemstone with a distinctive change in colour over the months and went to many available gemstone jewellers. Due to the rarity in alexandrite gemstone, most of the time gemstone cutter to jewellers tried to retain the overall weight in the gem. To their disappointment, there were either poorly cut or lower in quality with very slight colour change in alexandrites. Most were opaque in clarity with visible inclusion where you can easily pick up via naked eyes.

Gemstone Engagement Rings

This exceptionally rare gemstone engagement ring is customised with exquisite detailing and design. The beauty of customisation reflects from every inch of this couple ring from GIOIA Fine Jewellery. We went through a thorough explanation of the colour change effect in this unique gemstone. Showing them not only the different in changes under warm and white lighting set up, and under daylight too. The couple was determined to have a unique ring instead of a common design being flaunted by everyone.

Customised as a wedding band set, they opted for a simple yet elegant ring design it is classic in every way possible. Finely crafted and set in an elegant base metal natural champagne gold, this vibrant set is framed by classic details thereby resulting in an iconic design worth flaunting around. This customised jewellery is an example of excellent craftsmanship and is surely going to grab the attention of the onlookers.    

 

Alexandrite Colour Change with Red under different lighting. Customised Engagement ring and Wedding Band with unique and rare alexandrite gemstone | Local Singapore bespoke Jewellery in customised wedding jewellery
Alexandrite Colour Change

Exceptional Engagement Ring

Instead of classic solitaire diamond ring, this non-traditional engagement ring featured an exceptionally rare alexandrite coloured gemstone. Crafted in champagne gold, and collaboration of ballerina inspired design with brilliance marquise diamond. This statement jewellery captured the art of ballet and jewellery that never go out of style.

At GIOIA, being one of the top custom bespoke jeweller with the widest selection of finest quality rare precious gemstone. We pride ourselves in provide you the luxurious bespoke experience right from sketch to the final creation. Our dedicated team working together making sure each jewellery pieces is an exceptional statement. Allowing you to explore a wide range of exceptional precious gemstone such as Brazil Paraiba Tourmaline which is as rare as alexandrite colour change.

Alexandrite Colour Change Engagement Ring - Customised Engagement Ring
Alexandrite Tiara Engagement Ring

Alexandrite Wedding Bands 

Wedding bands with exceptional rare alexandrite colour change gem

Celebrate your love story with a pair of bespoke wedding bands as unique as your journey together. Crafted with exceptional craftsmanship, these bands are designed to symbolize the distinctive bond you share.

For the gentleman’s ring, a rare and captivating alexandrite colour change takes center stage, mirroring the ever-evolving hues of your relationship. This exceptional rare gemstone embodies the dynamic nature of your love. Having it embedded on the men’s wedding band make the ring unique and certainly a modern men’s ring for daily wear!

In the world of wedding jewellery, there are no hard and fast rules when it comes to matching bands. What truly matters is that both of you have found rings that resonate with your unique styles and personal preferences. These wedding rings serve as a testament to your individuality, your unity, and the love story that is uniquely yours.

FAQ on Alexandrite Gemstone

How do I care for an Alexandrite engagement ring?

Alexandrite is a durable gemstone, but to maintain its brilliance and color-changing effect, clean it regularly with a mild soap solution and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and high heat, which can damage the centre alexandrite gem and ring setting.

Can Alexandrite engagement rings be resized?

Yes, Alexandrite rings can be resized, but because Alexandrite is a rare gemstone, it’s important to have resizing done by an experienced jeweler who understands the stone’s unique properties to avoid damage.

Is Alexandrite a suitable gemstone for daily wear in an engagement ring?

Alexandrite rates 8.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it durable enough for daily wear. However, proper care should be taken to avoid scratches and impacts that could affect the stone and its setting. If you happened to be heading to the gym or workout, better not to put on the ring.

How does Alexandrite compare to other gemstones in terms of rarity?

Natural Alexandrite is far rarer than most gemstones, including diamonds, sapphires, and emeralds. Its ability to change color and limited natural sources make it one of the most sought-after gems in the world.

Can I combine Alexandrite with other gemstones in a custom ring design?

Absolutely! Alexandrite pairs beautifully with diamonds, sapphires, and other precious stones. Combining it with complementary gemstones can enhance the overall brilliance and uniqueness of the ring.

Are there synthetic or labgrown Alexandrite available?

At GIOIA Fine Jewellery, we specialist only on natural coloured gemstone. There are synthetic Alexandrite that mimic the natural colour change, but they are far less valuable than natural stones. It’s important to verify the authenticity of the gem through certifications when purchasing.

How can I verify the authenticity of an Alexandrite engagement ring?

Authentic Alexandrite should come with certification from a recognized gemological institute like GIA, or at least an independent local certification. Which provides a detailed analysis of the gem’s origin, colour change, and other characteristics.

What metal settings work best with Alexandrite stones?

Alexandrite looks stunning in a variety of metal settings, including platinum, white gold, and yellow gold. It alexandrite colour change gemstone certainly complement well with champagne gold! The choice of metal can enhance the color-changing effect, with white metals highlighting the stone’s cooler tones and yellow metals enhancing its warmth.

Why is Alexandrite often chosen for engagement rings over other gemstones?

Alexandrite is chosen not only for its rarity but also for its symbolic value. Its unique ability to change colour is often seen as a representation of adaptability, balance, and the ever-evolving nature of a relationship, making it a meaningful choice for gemstone engagement rings.

Customised Wedding Jewellery with Heirloom Jade Jewellery in Natural White Gold, Customised Jade pendant and label Pin | Local Singapore Jeweller in Bespoke Customised Wedding Jewellery

Wedding Jewellery

Wedding Jewellery with Heirloom Jade Jewellery in Natural White Gold, Customised Jade pendant and Men's Jewellery Lapel Pin | Customised Wedding Jewellery
Wedding Jewellery – Pendant & Lapel Pin

Customised Wedding Jewellery

This exquisite wedding jewellery set, a heartfelt gift from a mother to her daughter and son-in-law. Epitomises the essence of bespoke heirloom statement jewellery. Crafted with profound sentimentality, this unique set was born from collaborative brainstorming sessions with the mother.

Our team at GIOIA Fine Jewellery meticulously worked on these finest jades, transforming them into a captivating Sakura jewellery set. Dedicated flora pendant for the daughter and a sophisticated lapel pin for the son-in-law. This set is more than just wedding jewellery; it’s a tangible symbol of maternal blessings for the newlyweds, a legacy of love and affection.

Heirloom Jewellery: A Modern Legacy

At the heart of this creation lies the philosophy of bespoke customisation. Particularly ideal for those who yearn for something beyond the ordinary, something uniquely theirs. This approach was precisely what the mother chose for her daughter’s marriage – a contemporary yet timeless heirloom piece. It’s an embodiment of heritage and style, also a treasure to be cherished and passed down through generations.

Bespoke Wedding Jewellery: A Fusion of Emotion and Elegance

This special design transcends the typical wedding jewellery narrative. Certainly a crafted jewellery infused with a mother’s blessing, a symbol of eternal love and guidance. The choice of champagne gold, with its subtle, light, faint yellowish hue, was deliberate. The goal was to ensure that the pieces not only complemented each other but also resonated with an oriental charm, seamlessly blending traditional motifs with a modern flair.

Wedding Jewellery with Heirloom Jade Jewellery in Natural White Gold, Customised Jade pendant and Men's Jewellery Lapel Pin | Customised Wedding Jewellery
Customised Wedding Jewellery

Pendant & Lapel Pin: A Statement of Style and Sentiment

Firstly to the bride, the pendant is a versatile piece, perfect for the grandeur of the wedding day and adaptable for daily elegance. Secondly to the groom’s lapel pin, tailored to his style, adds a touch of sophistication to his formal attire.

Cluster Gemstone Earring Stud with Dangle Jade Earring

Celebrate love and new beginnings with these exquisite cluster gemstone wedding earrings. Featuring a detachable jade dangle and a vibrant cluster of gemstones—pear-shaped aquamarine, oval mint tourmaline, octagon pink spinel, and marquise diamond—these earrings symbolise blessings and enduring happiness for the newlyweds.

  • Pear-Shaped Aquamarine: Adds a serene blue hue, symbolising tranquility and harmony.
  • Oval Mint Tourmaline: Offers a fresh, minty green colour, representing growth and renewal.
  • Octagon Pink Spinel: Introduces a delicate pink sparkle, signifying love and passion.
  • Marquise Diamond: Enhances the earrings with a touch of brilliance and sophistication.

Crafted with precision and attention to detail, these wedding earrings are designed to be both beautiful and functional, making them an ideal choice for brides seeking timeless elegance with a modern twist. Elegant and versatile, perfect for cherishing every special moment.

Whether you’re walking down the aisle or attending a special occasion, these jade dangle with cluster gemstones wedding earrings will add a touch of brilliance and charm to your ensemble.

Customised Wedding Jewellery - Cluster Gemstone Earring Stud with Dangle Jade Earring Wedding Jewellery
Cluster Gemstone Earring Stud with Dangle Jade Earring Wedding Jewellery

Last but not least, we encourage you to explore our extensive selection of rare gemstones for your jewellery sets or proposal ring. Instead of classic gold jewellery for wedding jewellery, At GIOIA Fine Jewellery, we creating unique jewellery with modern design personalised to your style.

Our designers are always available to hear your ideas and inspiration, understand your personal preference in gemstone colour and shade. Experience the unique bespoke experience from sketch to crafting statement jewellery that will become cherished heirlooms for years to come.